Raising Raspberry Facts
Growing organic raspberries have a dual usage; berries for eating and leaves for tea. Raspberry leaves can be dried and used for herbal and healthful teas. Growing organic raspberries comprise principal amounts of antioxidants which have been proven to heighten your farranging vascular health. There are two main types to be aware of when growing raspberries: the June-bearing and the Ever-bearing varieties. June-bearing raspberries are picked in the late spring typically for around 4 to 6 weeks and furnish heavily while this time. Ever-bearing raspberries don't furnish as many berries, some varieties will bear fruit throughout the spring and summer, while other varieties will furnish once in the spring and once in the fall.
When to Plant rasperries
Raspberry canes grow for 2 seasons. The first year a new green cane, the primocane, grows; it develops bark, then goes dormant for the winter. The cane is called a floricane in its second year; it produces fruit, then dies. The roots, however, continue to send up new primocanes annually. Raspberry slips are commonly planted in the early spring after the ground thaws in the North. In the South, you can plant raspberry slips in the fall or early spring.
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Best Locations to Plant Raspberries
Raspberries like full sun. We tried planting them in partial shade a few years ago, and they simply never grew well. Areas with cold winters are preferable for June-bearing raspberries. New varieties are being developed, though, that grow well in Southern climates. Pick soil that drains well, has high organic content, and is slightly elevated if possible. To test drainage, dig a 12 inch deep by 12 inch quadrilateral hole and fill it with water. If the water's drained from the hole in under 3 hours, your soil drainage is adequate. Don't plant too close to trees, and don't plant your berries where raspberries have been planted recently.
Soil Prep for Raspberries
Raspberries prefer slightly acidic soil below 7.0 pH level. Optimally, it should be around 6.0, and never below 5.5. Compost and composted manure will provide most, if not all, the nutrients needed by raspberries. Once you've selected the area you're going to plant your berry slips in, prepare the ground by deep-mixing several inches of compost or composted manure into the soil at least 12 inches deep into a 24 inch wide row. Space your rows 48 to 72 inches apart from edge to edge. This will make the plant 6 to 8 feet apart. Remember, you want your berries to have good nutrients for years to come, so you can hardly overdo the compost. You can also side-dress existing canes with composted manure to bolster production.
Choosing the Best Varieties for your Area
Raspberries are in the "rubus" family, and are known as brambles. There are three berry color varieties you can grow - red, black, or a combination of red and black known as purple raspberries. As always, it's a wise operation to call your county postponement if you're unfamiliar with raspberry diseases in your area. They'll be able to suggest you on varieties that are resistant to diseases in your local area.
Containerized Raspberries
If you have limited space or live in a rental house where the landlord won't allow you to garden, you can grow raspberries in containers. You'll want to use a good sterile potting mix to avoid soil pathogens if you're going to grow raspberries in containers. Add fullness of composted manure to the mix, and put it into a 3 to 7 gallon holder with several drain holes in the bottom. A five gallon bucket is about the right size for one plant. Plant the root slip 3/4 of an inch under the soil surface. Add composted manure annually as needed.
Planting Raspberries in Your Garden
In the early spring, after you've purchased a collection (or two) you like that is resistant to coarse diseases in your area from a reputable nursery, you're ready to plant! Soak your plant roots in a compost tea (a cup or two of compost in a 5 gallon bucket of water should work) for around 6 hours prior to planting. In your pre-marked rows (prepped per the instructions above), insert your shovel as deep as it will go into the soil, and with a rocking-back-and-forth motion, open up the soil and insert the raspberry plant to where the dirt covers the roots. You should be able to tell where the root ends and the cane starts.
Make sure you spread the roots laterally to give the plant roots a good start. Put one plant every 24 to 36 inches apart in your rows. The distance between the rows should be around 6 to 8 feet. It is a good institution to "trellis" your raspberries to keep them from falling over as the canes can grow up to 8 feet tall. The way we do it is to use 4 x 4 inch posts with 36 inch 2 x 4's nailed horizontally at 2 feet from the ground and 4 feet from the ground (you can also add a third horizontal bar at 6 feet off the ground if you need to). Then string wire between the horizontal 2 x 4's to keep the canes standing vertically. while the mid to late summer, as the primocanes are growing rapidly, you'll need to make sure, every couple of days, that the canes stay inside the wires as it becomes difficult to try to shove them back under them if they get too tall.
Getting the Most from Your Raspberries
The more bees you have in your patch, the more berries you'll harvest. Keep the area between the rows weed free by rototilling commonly or mulching. Another choice is to plant a cover crop. As mentioned previously, a trellis theory or other supports is key to holding your plants vertical - and output high. It is a good practice, in the spring before the leaves begin growing, to prune the tops of your floricanes to 5 or 6 feet in height. One trick for getting more fruit is to cut off the primocanes at about 30 to 36 inches. This will force them to put out branches, giving you more fruit output that is easy to reach as well.
After your fruit has been harvested, cut off all the dying floricanes at ground level to give the primocanes as much room as possible to grow. In the spring, thin out the new floricanes so that just the thickest and strongest canes remain. These will furnish more fruit than leaving all the canes in the ground. If you need to, you can sidedress your canes with composted manure in the spring. Usually, if you've mixed in fullness of composted manure prior to the preliminary planting, you shouldn't need to add much.
This past gardening season we tested a liquid organic leaf spray fertilizer called Organic organery Miracle. We sprayed most of our organery plants with Ogm. The sprayed veggies were more robust than the un-sprayed plants, and the flavor was excellent as well - sweeter and juicier. We're excited this year to continue the experiment as we were impressed with the size and flavor of the organery crops we sprayed.
Mulching & Weeding
Lawn clippings and barley straw are two of the best mulches for growing raspberries. I like to spread a few inches of mulch between the rows and around the plants to keep the soil moist and the weeds under control. It also provides organic matter for your soil over the summer as it begins to decompose. Too much straw may come to be a haven for mice or other rodents, so don't get too deep with your mulch. If you Pick not to mulch, rototill or hand-pull the weeds between the rows and hand-pull the weeds around the plants.
Hydrating (Watering) Raspberries
As mentioned above, mulching will cut your need to water your growing raspberries, but you'll still need to water between 1 and 2 inches per week all summer. It's all the time a best institution to avoid overhead watering, but if you have no other option, water early in the day to avoid too much dampness in your plants which can lead to fungal diseases. If your soil is sandy, you may need to water less volume but more frequently. Don't over-water as raspberry roots require a good number of oxygen.
Companion Planting and Rotation Considerations
Turnips and yarrow are determined good companions to raspberries as they repel the Harlequin Beetle. Garlic accumulates sulfur which is a natural fungicide. Coupled with raspberries, garlic will preclude fungal diseases. It is also sufficient in holding many insect pests at bay as well. Tansy is a poisonous flow which repels discrete pests including ants, Japanese beetles, cucumber beetles, and squash bugs. Don't let it spread to your pasture, though, as it's not good for some livestock. Wormwood, a bitter herb, repels insects and some animals. Don't eat it; you may get a pretty good stomach-ache too! As they're in the same family, keep raspberries out of area where blackberries, boysenberries, or loganberries are growing.
Don't plant around potatoes whether as they'll make your raspberries more prone to blight. Never re-plant a new raspberry patch where the old one has been. However, if your soil is uninfected by fungal diseases, nematodes, or other pathogens, you should be able to leave your raspberry patch in the same location up to 15 years. Avoid verticillium wilt by avoiding planting raspberries everywhere eggplant, tomatoes, potatoes, or strawberries have been planted in the past 5 years.
Harvesting Raspberries
When raspberries are a spirited red and are actually removed from the canes, they're ready to pick. If you've had a new rain, make sure to pick the ripe berries immediately or they'll mold within half a day if it's warm. If it is breezy, it'll dry things out before mold sets in. Harvest your berries early in the day when it's cool; they'll last longer. Harvest at least every other day while the height of the season. This will preclude your fruit from getting over-ripe and molding. When you pick raspberries, don't layer them more than a few deep or they'll turn the bottom layers to mush. Pick with care to avoid crushing these tender berries.
Storing Raspberries
Once you've picked your raspberries, refrigerate them as soon as you can. They'll keep up to a week in a cool refrigerator. Raspberries are great eaten fresh on ice cream, on flake cereals with half-and-half, or on shortcake with whipped cream, to name a few delightful ways to gain weight. Raspberries make excellent jam (with and without seeds), and are good freezing whole or pureed. If you puree raspberries and strain out the seeds, put them in ice trays and frost them for smoothies. Mmmm! If you don't mind seedy smoothies, just frost the berries whole on jelly roll pans, then take off to zip lock-style bags or plastic cartons for later usage. You can also spread pureed and strained raspberries in pans, place in the oven at very low temp, and make raspberry fruit leather. We did this when I was a kid, but I haven't done it recently.
Preventative and Natural Solutions to coarse Pests
Sap Beetles love to eat over-ripe raspberries. They're also known as "picnic" beetles. Sap beetles are about quarter inch long and black with 4 yellow-orange spots on their backs. The easiest way to preclude an infestation of this beetle is to not allow your berries to get over-ripe. You can pick these beetles to cut their numbers, dropping them into a bucket of soapy water to drown them. Aphids are tiny limited pests that come in a collection of colors from green to brown to red to black. Aphids typically congregate on the undersides of your raspberry plant leaves, sucking the sap from the leaves and leaving a sticky residue called "honeydew" behind. If you see leaves crinkling up you'll likely find aphids on the leaves.
Aphids can be controlled by removing the infected leaves and destroying them along with the attached aphids. You can also spray them with an organic insecticidal soap spray, or even knock them off with a pressure-spray nozzle, although it's best not to get your plants wet while harvest-time. Cane borers chew into your canes to lay eggs and feed on the inside of the canes. The larvae also feed on the inside of the canes as well. If you examine these pests, cut down any affected canes an inch below where wilting is occurring and destroy them.
If the infestation is heavy, organic rotenone powder may be used, but use this as a last ditch exertion as it will also kill pollinating insects which is extremely undesirable. Leaf rollers are the larvae of a small moth that are about 3/4 of an inch long, pale green or light brown, and have dark heads. Leaf rollers will eat raspberries, and when ready to form a cocoon will weave a silky web on a leaf and roll it inwards. Hence the name "leaf roller." Parasitic wasps and flies can be imported to rid your patch of these pests. You can also use organic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) if the infestation is severe. It's best not to use even organic pesticides, though, unless actually necessary, as they take out both good and bad bugs.
Spider mites are tiny pests, that, if you look at under a microscope, have eight legs. Spider mites clump on the undersides of raspberry leaves, sucking sap and creating yellow spots on the leaves. Spider mites seem to be the worst in drought conditions when the plants are weaker. Spraying these mites with water can get rid of them if they're not too plentiful. Insecticidal soap spray can also take care of them. Avoid using too much nitrogen on your raspberries as it seems to encourage both mites and aphids.
Raspberry diseases and cures
Winter injury may occur in your raspberry plants if winter temperatures drop below -20°F. Purple and black raspberries may be damage at -5°F. Mulching raspberries will preclude most damage from occurring. Anthracnose is a reddish-purple lesion that shows up on primocanes. The centers of the lesions turn gray to brown over time and the margins come to be raised and purplish. These lesions will girdle the canes and cause them to dry and crack, often killing them. If they survive winter, the floricanes will furnish irregular fruit and branches. The best prevention, if anthracnose is coarse in your region, is to purchase resistant varieties. It also helps to operate weeds, and water early in the day or use drip irrigation as anthracnose is spread by splashing water. Applying lime sulfur while the early spring can also cut anthracnose.
Cane blight appears as lesions that may be gray, black, or brown and appear like pimples. Infected canes often come to be fragile and break near the lesion. The canes may wilt, and auxiliary branches may die. The best arresting is purchasing blight resistant stock before planting if it's a qoute in your area. Avoid overhead watering for the same reasons as in the anthracnose section above and operate the weeds. Destroy any infected canes, and apply lime sulfur in the early spring if your plants had any infection the previous year. Spur blight is Another blight that causes lesions on the nodes of primocanes. The infections starts on the leaves and moves to the stem.
The infected leaves turn yellow and brown and die. The cane lesions appear purplish to brown. The following spring any buds near the infection will not bloom. The best cure is arresting by planting resistant varieties. Avoid overhead irrigation and too much nitrogen. operate the weeds. Thin the canes. Plant in well-drained soil. Apply lime sulfur in the early spring if your plants had any infection the previous year. Gray mold causes raspberries to rot and blossoms to rot as well. It is spurred on by cool, wet weather. Purchasing resistant varieties is the best preventative against gray mold.
Using drip irrigation can help preclude the mold. Don't over-fertilize. operate weeds. take off infected canes. Don't overwater. Harvest ripe berries promptly. Phytophthora Root Rot is caused by a soil-borne fungus. Symptoms comprise yellowing and wilting leaves, water-soaked lesions near the base of the canes, and reddish-brown root tissue. Over-saturated soil is often a cause of Phytophthora Root Rot and can be prevented by planting your canes in well-drained soil, not over-watering, purchasing resistant varieties, and controlling weeds. Verticillium Wilt is Another soil-borne fungus that can cause the entire raspberry cane to wilt and die. The sapwood of infected canes will often be stained reddish-brown. To avoid verticillium wilt, purchase resistant varieties, plant them in well-drained soil or raised beds, don't over-water, use drip irrigation if possible, thin the canes, and destroy infected plants if you have an outbreak.
Raspberry Leaf Spot shows up on the top outside of raspberry leaves as tan, white, or grayish spots. Sometimes the town of the spot will drop out, development it appear as though the leaf has been shot. The arresting of this disease is the same as the diseases already discusssed - purchase resistant varieties, plant them in well-drained soil or raised beds, don't over-water, use drip irrigation if possible, thin the canes, and destroy infected plants if you have an outbreak. Powdery Mildew appears on the underside of leaves as a gray to white powdery growth. While it is coarse to raspberries, it's not ordinarily a major qoute to the condition of your plants. The arresting of this disease is the same as the diseases already discusssed - purchase resistant varieties, plant them in well-drained soil or raised beds, don't over-water, use drip irrigation if possible, and thin the canes to allow good air circulation. Rust Fungi appears on both sides of raspberry leaves as yellowish-orange spots. They typically don't work on the condition of the plants or fruit of red raspberries, but can be a serious threat to black raspberries.
Again, purchase resistant varieties, plant them in well-drained soil or raised beds, don't over-water, use drip irrigation if possible, thin the canes to allow good air circulation, and take off and destroy any infected black raspberry canes.
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